dsc4english

Readbi english Dsc4 english Social language Every language has fixed expressions  which are used on  particular social  occasion -for example When people meet leave each other go on a journey ,sit- down and so on.   Introductions When people are  introduced ,they  usually say  How do you do?               Or How are you? The response is that Glad or pleased to meet You. Greetings When meeting people (formal) Good morning/evening/afternoon Hello/Hi (informal) When leaving people Good morning/afternoon/evening. Good bye/night (very formal) Bye/Cheers/take care/see you See you later/see you next week( informal) It was nice to meet you/ meeting you. Note: Good day is unusual.Good night is used only when leaving people ( not when meeting them) Asking about health etc When we meet people we know we often ask politely about health How are you? How are things ? , How's goin...

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Readbi english Read link verbs Link verbs. Definition:  The verbs which are used to join an adjective or noun complement to a subject are called " Link verbs". These are called copular verbs or copulas verbs. Common examples . be,seem,appear,look sound,smell,taste,feel become,get. Eg:The car looks  fast. 2.I do feel  a fool. 3.The stew smells  good. 4.The weather is horrible. Adjectives after link verbs. After link verbs we use adjectives not adverbs. Eg:He spoke intelligently.      He seems intelligent. In the above sentences Intelligently is a adverb. Intelligent is a adjective. So "seem" is a link verb. Other uses Some of these verbs are also used with other meanings as ordinary non-link verbs. They are then used with adverbs ,not adjectives. Eg:The problem appeared impossible. 2.Rani suddenly appeared in the door way. Some other verbs used in two ways like this are Look,Taste,Feel. Read , r...

Readbi english ,readbi Remaining parts of Discourse markers 10.Structuring T hese are used to Show the structure of what we are  saying. Eg: first,firstly,second secondly,finally ,to start with,for another thing. Eg: First we need  somewhere to live.second we need to find work. 11 .adding These expressions introduce addtional imformation or arguments. Some discourse markers are given. Moreover,furthermore In addition,as well as What is more, also besides,in any case. Eg : He earned fifty  lakhs more over ,he  got two cars in bet. 12.generalising These expressions say how  far the speaker thinks generalisation is true. Some markers:on the whole in general,all most,by and  large,to a great extent , to some extent,apart from...;except for. Eg:On the whole I had a happy childhood. 2.Apart from the soup ,I thought the meal was excellent. 13.giving examples T...

Readbi english Dsc4english Readbi english Discourse markers. D iscourse means " pieces of language longer than a sentence". Some words and  expressions are used to show how discourse is constructed . They show connection between what a  speaker is saying and what has already been said .  There are large number of  discourses . It is impossible to to give in a complete list  in a few pages. Note that a  discourse  marker usually comes at the  beginning of a  clause . The main are  given below  and their uses. 1 . Focusing& linking With reference to ; talking Speaking of,about: regarding,as regards, as far as ....is connected ;as for These expressions focus attention on what is going to be said,by announcing the subject in advance. Eg: with reference to your letter of 17 March ,I am pleased to  inform you. 2. Balancing contrasting points This expressions are used to balanc...

Readbi english.dsc4  english. Collocations Collocations mean Conventional word Combinations. We can say "I fully  understand" .  but not fully like,    I rather like,but not I rather understand. I firmly think,but not I firmly think . Somebody can be a heavy smoker or a  devoted smoker or a  heavy friend. Expressions these are also idiomatic ,In a sense ,they are easy to understand ,but not so easy for a learner to  produce correctly .One  can think of many  adjectives that might be used a with  smoker to  say that somebody smokes a lot . For example "big,strong,hard fierce,mad,devoted.It just happens that English  speakers have chosen to use heavy ,and one has to know this in order to express the idea  naturally and correctly. These conventional  combinations of words are called "Collocations". All languages have large number of them. Some more examples. a crashi...

Readbi DSC 4 english Basic word order Subject+ verb+object In affirmative sentences the subject  normally comes before the verb.        objects or complement      Comes after the verb. Eg: Siva likes cake.       Anna is a doctor.       Eric smiled. But in few affirmatives the verb can come before the subject Eg:so can I,In came Mrs park. For sentences begin with the object. Eg: Those people I can't stand. Readbi Dsc english. 2 .Preparatory "it &they". When the subject or object is an infinitive phrase or clause ,we often put it at the end of the sentence. Use it as a preparatory subject or object. Eg:It is easy to do what he wants.      She made it clear that she agreed. "There" can be a preparatory subject for an indefinite expression. Eg:There is a big spider in the bath. 3 .Direct & indirect objects Indirect objects can come before direct obje...

Readbi english Readbi english English verbs There are 5 kinds of verbs in english. Those are mainly 1Be forms 2 Do forms 3 Have  ,, 4Modals 5Normal verbs. The explanation about modals. In english future tense is indicated by the presence of "will and shall"two modals.         Thus the future tense is a modalized tense. Can,could,shall,may used to,should,must, going to, used in the dialogue are all modals. A modal  is a verbal which expresses" Modality" the attitude of the speaker to the  process and subject role in it. It may indicate Futurity Possibility Probability Obligation Suggestion Warning and Willingness etc. A modal may also refer to the speaker's assessment of  situation. Modals are 3 types. 1.Primary modals 2.Semi-modals 3.Modal Idioms Primary modals are those which have no other function . readbi,readbi, Semi-modals are  generally verbs which are used as modals. ...

Readbi english , readbi               Idioms  An expression like turn up (meaning''arrive') Break even=make neither profit nor loss. A can of worms=complicated problem Can it be difficult to understand ,because its meaning is different from the meanings of separate words in expression If you try to break the word by word,it doesn't help you to understand Express. like these words are called"Idioms". Idioms are usually special to one language and can't be translated word for word.   Some idioms are given below. Readbi ,read the following Idioms Kick the bucket = die as cross as two sticks = angry White elephants = costly things Come by = get Cut off = died Done up = exhausted Come about = happen Bore away = won Bears up = supports Call in = send Well off =in comfortable circumstances Held up =stopped on the highway Go into = investigate -Kept up = carried on Get on = agree Let o...

Readbi english , Readbi english Cleft sentence Cleft  means 'divided,' A sentence in which  Special emphasis is  given to one part (e.g the subject or the  object)by using a  structure with it or what is called Cleft Sentence. These structures are useful in writing because we can't use intonation for emphasis in written language,but they are common in speech. The words to be emphasised are joined to the relative clause by is/was ,an expression  like "the person who or what Eg: The person who   kept a pig in the garden shed  was Mary. The secretary is what jem is. The place where ,.. the day  When ,,... the reason why Eg:The day when we went  garden was Friday. The place where I kept bag  is a hotel in Delhi. For verb expressions :  for  emphasising verb ,we have to use "what.....do . Eg:'what '  he  did was scream. For whole sentence: For for whole sentence w...

Readbi english Read english. Acronyms.  S ome initial - letter abbreviations are Pronounced like  words . These are often called Acronyms. Articles are usually dropped in acronyms. Eg: UNESCO = the  united Nations  Educational Scientific and Cultural  Organisation. ISRO- Indian Space Research Organisation. Some more are read them. NASA SAARC K.G Read the following. Special kind of Language . Collocations : means conventional,word combinations. One has to know this in order to  express the idea naturally and Correctly. All languages have large number of them. Eg:a crashing bore a burning desire a blazing row. a golden opportunity Thanks a lot. Read the special language expressions.

Readbi english,readbi Irregular verbs Some irregular verbs are given below Base . Past.  Past participle Arose- arose- arisen Be.    - was.   - been Bear- .bore.  - born Beat - beaten-beaten Cast. - cast.   -cast Catch-caught-caught Cost.  -cost- .   cost Drink-drank- drunk Eat .   -ate.     -eaten Fall.   - fell    - fallen Get.   - got .   - got Hide - hid .  - hidden Hit.   - hit .   - hit Kneel-knelt-knelt Keep - kept - kept Lead - led    - led Lose - lost   - lost Make-made-made Ride- rode. - ridden Rise - rose  - risen Quit- quit.  - quit Seek- sought-sought Tear-tore   - torn Take- took - taken Throw- threw-thrown Wake. - woke - woken Write - wrote - written Some irregular verbs are weak because they have no vowel change in them. B.Weak verbs Verbs which...